Neuropsychiatry App

A quick reference app for causes and differential diagnosis of various psychiatric presentations



Listed as per date of first citation

1. Ettinger A, Weisbrot D. Neurologic differential diagnosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015.

2. Scott Moses M. Family Practice Notebook [Internet]. Fpnotebook.com. 2018 [cited 3 September 2018]. Available from: https://fpnotebook.com/

3. MSD Manual Professional Edition [Internet]. MSD Manual Professional Edition. 2018 [cited 3 September 2018]. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional

4. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program | Providing information about rare or genetic diseases. [Internet]. Rarediseases.info.nih.gov. 2018 [cited 3 September 2018]. Available from: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/

5. Pastuszak Ż, Stępień A, Tomczykiewicz K, et al. Limbic encephalitis – a report of four cases. Central-European Journal of Immunology. 2017;42(2):213-217. doi:10.5114/ceji.2017.69365.

6. Parkinson IS, Ward MK, Kerr DN. Dialysis encephalopathy, bone disease and anaemia: the aluminum intoxication syndrome during regular haemodialysis. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1981;34(11):1285-1294.

7. Rascovsky K et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011 Sep, 134(pt9): 2456-77.

8. Home - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) [Internet]. NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2018 [cited 3 September 2018]. Available from: https://rarediseases.org/

9. Point of Care Medical Applications | Epocrates [Internet]. Epocrates.com. 2018 [cited 3 September 2018]. Available from: http://www.epocrates.com/

10. Bhatia M. Differential diagnosis of mental health disorders. [Place of publication not identified]: Cbs Publishers & Distributors.

11. Shebak SS. Depression After Encephalitis: A Case Report. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 2014;16(3):PCC.13l01624.

12. Prakash O, Jha S. Differential diagnosis for cognitive decline in elderly. J Geriatr Ment Health [serial online] 2016 [cited 2018 Sep 3];3:21-8. Available from: http://www.jgmh.org/text.asp?2016/3/1/21/181911

13. Botswick et al. Recognizing mimics of depression: The 8 Ds [Internet]. Mdedge.com. 2018 [cited 3 September 2018]. Available from: https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/64736/schizophrenia-other-psychotic-disorders/recognizing-mimics-depression-8-ds

14. SIT D, ROTHSCHILD AJ, WISNER KL. A Review of Postpartum Psychosis. Journal of women’s health (2002). 2006;15(4):352-368. doi:10.1089/jwh.2006.15.352. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109493/

15. MacVicar AA. Letter: Psychotic symptoms due to meperidine intoxication. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1974;110(11):1237. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947534/?page=1

16. Jacobson C. Peripartum Bipolar Disorder and Psychosis. Available from: http://www.psychiatry.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/71/Peripartum%20Bipolar%20Disorder%20and%20%20Psychosis%20-%20dr%20jacobson.pdf

17. Moorthy N, Raghavendra N, Venkatarathnamma PN. Levofloxacin-induced acute psychosis. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;50(1):57-58. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745871/

18. Gotkine M, Ben-Hur T, Vincent A, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. Limbic encephalitis presenting as a post-partum psychiatric condition. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sep 15;308(1-2):152-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705029

19. Kale K, Nihalani N, Karnik N, Shah N. POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS IN A CASE OF SHEEHAN’S SYNDROME. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;41(1):70-72. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2962287/

20. Sparić R, Berisavac I, Arsenijević L, Berisavac M, Dokić M, Savić O, Ilić-Mostić T, Kadija S. [Acute intermittent porphyria in the puerperium]. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2010 Jul-Aug;138(7-8):506-9. Serbian. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20842901

21. Sánchez Blanco L, Juncal Ruíz M, Pardo de Santayana Jenaro G, Landera Rodríguez R, Gómez Revuelta M, Porta Olivares O et al. A Clinical review about differential diagnosis and comorbidities on premenstrual dysphoric disorder. European Psychiatry. 2017;41:S485. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924933817305928

22. Menstrual Migraine - The National Headache Foundation [Internet]. The National Headache Foundation. 2018 [cited 13 September 2018]. Available from: https://headaches.org/2007/10/25/menstrual-migraine/

23. Catamenial Epilepsy [Internet]. Epilepsy Foundation. 2018 [cited 13 September 2018]. Available from: https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/refractory-seizures/potentially-remediable-causes/catamenial-epilepsy

24. Verrotti A, D’Egidio C, Agostinelli S, Verrotti C, Pavone P. Diagnosis and management of catamenial seizures: a review. International Journal of Women’s Health. 2012;4:535-541. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S28872.

25. Pereira-Vega A, Sánchez JL, Gil FL, Maldonado JA, Bravo JM, Ignacio JM, Vázquez R, Álvarez F, Romero P, Sánchez I. Premenstrual asthma and symptoms related to premenstrual syndrome. J Asthma. 2010 Oct;47(8):835-40. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20874438

26. Tan KS. Premenstrual asthma: epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Drugs. 2001;61(14):2079-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735634

27. Kljakovic M, Pullon S. Allergy and the premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Allergy. 1997 Jun;52(6):681-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9226071

28. Altman G, Cain KC, Motzer S, Jarrett M, Burr R, Heitkemper M. Increased symptoms in female IBS patients with dysmenorrhea and PMS. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2006 Jan-Feb;29(1):4-11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16552294

29. World Gastroenterology Organisation [Internet]. Worldgastroenterology.org. 2018 [cited 13 September 2018]. Available from: http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

30. Kaye NS. Is your depressed patient bipolar? J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005 Jul-Aug;18(4):271-81. Available from: http://www.jabfm.org/content/18/4/271.full

31. Garrison SJ, Henson HK. Dilantin toxicity and vegetative depression: a report of 2 cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990. 71(6):422-3.

32. Kanner AM. Depression in epilepsy: prevalence, clinical semiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):388-398.

33. Lambert MV, Robertson MM. Depression in epilepsy: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Epilepsia. 1999;40(suppl 10): S21-S47.

34. Patten SB, Neutel CI. Corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects: incidence, diagnosis and management. Drug Saf. 2000;22(2):111-122.

35. Hull PR, D’Arcy C. Isotretinoin use and subsequent depression and suicide: presenting the evidence. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(7):493-505.

36. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Information for Healthcare Professionals: Varenicline (marketed as Chantix) and Bupropion (marketed as Zyban, Wellbutrin, and generics). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm169986.htm.

37. Grill MF, Maganti RK. Neurotoxic effects associated with antibiotic use: management considerations. BJCP. 2011 72(3):381-93.

38. St. Louis E. Minimizing AED Adverse Effects: Improving Quality of Life in the Interictal State in Epilepsy Care. Current Neuropharmacology. 2009;7(2):106-114. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730001/

39. Rubin R. ADHD in Adults— Differential and Coexisting Diagnosis [Internet]. 2010 [cited 23 October 2018]. Available from: http://naceonline.com/AdultADHDtoolkit/professionalresources/rubintranscript.pdf

40. Chopra VK, Sinha VK, Das S. Normal pressure hydrocephalus presenting as psychotic depression : moderately successful treatment with a course of ect & pharmacotherapy : a case report. Indian J Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;44(1):71-5.

41. Groenewald E, Joska J, Rothemeyer S. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus presenting with psychiatric symptoms. South African Medical Journal. 2016;106(2):162.

42. Hepatic Encephalopathy [Internet]. Clevelandclinicmeded.com. 2018 [cited 30 October 2018]. Available from: http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/hepatology/hepatic-encephalopathy/

43. Luckas M, Aird I. Magnesium sulphate: a review of clinical pharmacology applied to obstetrics. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1998 Sep 1;105(9):1040-.

44. Schmitz B. Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Mood and Behavior. Epilepsia. 2006;47(s2):28-33.

45. Nadkarni S, Devinsky O. Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Curr. 2005;5(5):176-81.

46. Pandey AK, Pathak A, Mishra AK, Mishra AK. Psychiatric Implications of Phenytoin and Phenobarbital Intoxication due to Excessive Overdose with a Suicidal Intent. Delhi Psychiatric Journal. 2012 Apr; 15(1):230-233.

47. Thigpen J, Miller SE, Pond BB. Behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs. US Pharm. 2013;38(11):15-20.

48. Chen B, Choi H, Hirsch L, Katz A, Legge A, Buchsbaum R et al. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2017;76:24-31.

49. Robinson RG, Spalletta G. Poststroke depression: a review. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(6):341-9.

50. Brunekreeft JA, Peerdeman SM, Rhebergen D. [Subdural hematoma and depression]. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2008;50(5):295-9.

51. Alarcon RD, Thweatt RW. A case of subdural hematoma mimicking severe depression with conversion-like symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Oct;140(10):1360-1.

52. Nagatomo I, Ueyama K, Fukuzako H, Matsumoto K. Three cases of chronic subdural hematoma with depressive state. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1990 Dec;44(4):703-7.

53. Cummings JL, Miller B, Hill MA, Neshkes R. Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology. 1987 Apr 1;44(4):389-93.

54. Israelsson H, Allard P, Eklund A, Malm J. Symptoms of Depression are Common in Patients With Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: The INPH-CRasH Study. Neurosurgery. 2016 Feb;78(2):161-8.

55. Rosen H, Swigar ME. Depression and normal pressure hydrocephalus. A dilemma in neuropsychiatric differential diagnosis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1976 Jul;163(1):35-40.

56. Krebber AM, Buffart LM, Kleijn G, et al. Prevalence of depression in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments. Psychooncology. 2013;23(2):121-30.

57. Massie MJ. Prevalence of depression in patients with cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2004;(32):57-71.

59. Hart T, Brenner L, Clark AN, Bogner JA, Novack TA, Chervoneva I, Nakase-Richardson R, Arango-Lasprilla JC. Major and minor depression after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2011 Aug 1;92(8):1211-9.

60. Bombardier CH, Fann JR, Temkin NR, Esselman PC, Barber J, Dikmen SS. Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury. JAMA. 2010;303(19):1938-45.

61. Levin HS, McCauley SR, Josic CP, et al. Predicting Depression Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(5):523–528.

62. James PR, Nelson-Piercy C. Management of hypertension before, during, and after pregnancy. Heart. 2004;90(12):1499-504.

63. Smith M, Waugh J, Nelson-Piercy C. Management of postpartum hypertension. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 2013;15(1):45-50.

64. Nayak A, Nachane H. Risk analysis of suicidal ideations and postpartum depression with antenatal alpha methyldopa use. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;38:42-44.

65. Neuro-Psycho-Behçet or Neuropsychiatric Behçet Disease: A Modified Name for an Old Disease. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2016;54(3):195.

66. Charney D. Neurobiology of mental illness. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.

67. Hales R, Yudofsky S, Roberts L. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychiatry. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2008.

68. Ganhao MI, Figueiredo A, Goncalves E. Connective tissue disorders disguised as psychiatric disorders. European Psychiatry. 2008 Apr 1;23:S228.

69. Cui Y, Xia L, Li L, Zhao Q, Chen S, Gu Z. Anxiety and depression in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):131.

70. Stiller J, Goodman A, Komhi LM, Sacher M, Bender MB. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as major depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47(9):1050-1.

71. Niazi F, Hussain T. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as psychiatric Symptoms: a diagnostic challenge. Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS). 2017;12(2):31-3.

72. Hudson NP. When to suspect connective tissue disease. Postgrad Med. 1991 Mar;89(4):253-4, 257-8, 260.

73. Brendel RW, Stern TA. Psychotic symptoms in the elderly. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;7(5):238-41.

74. van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Vollebergh, W. (2001). Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms: an urban-rural comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58(7), 663-668. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11448373

75. Perala, J., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S. I., Kuoppasalmi, K., Isometsa, E., Pirkola, S., . . . Lonnqvist, J. (2007). Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64(1), 19-28. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19

76. Psychosis Mimics: ED Differential Diagnosis and Keys to Management - emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education [Internet]. emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education. 2018 [cited 24 November 2018]. Available from: http://www.emdocs.net/psychosis-mimics-ed-differential-diagnosis-keys-management/

77. Sheitman, B. B., Lee, H., Strous, R., & Lieberman, J. A. (1997). The evaluation and treatment of first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Bull, 23(4), 653-661. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9366001

78. Dubin, W. R., Weiss, K. J., & Zeccardi, J. A. (1983). Organic brain syndrome. The psychiatric imposter. JAMA, 249(1), 60-62. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6848782

79. Medical Conditions that Mimic Psychiatric Disease: A Systematic Approach for Evaluation of Patients Who Present with Psychiatric Symptomatology | 2002-09-23 | AHC Media: Continuing Medical Education Publishing [Internet]. Reliasmedia.com. 2018 [cited 24 November 2018]. Available from: https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/109640-medical-conditions-that-mimic-psychiatric-disease-a-systematic-approach-for-evaluation-of-patients-who-present-with-psychiatric-symptomatology

80. Seurs L, Mierzejewska A, Claes SJ. [Corticosteroid-induced paranoid psychosis: case report and review of the literature]. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2011;53(1):37-47.

81. Publishing H. Anticholinergic cognitive burden scale - Harvard Health [Internet]. Harvard Health. 2018 [cited 25 November 2018]. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/anticholinergic-cognitive-burden-scale

82. ACB Calculator [Internet]. Acbcalc.com. 2018 [cited 25 November 2018]. Available from: http://www.acbcalc.com/

83. Menon VB, Sunny AA, Pereira P, Chikkaveeraiah S, Ramesh M. Steroid Psychosis: A Case Series of Three Patients. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2018 Jan;11(1):51.

84. Steroid Conversion Calculator - MDCalc [Internet]. Mdcalc.com. 2018 [cited 25 November 2018]. Available from: https://www.mdcalc.com/steroid-conversion-calculator

85. Corticosteroid psychosis: Stop therapy or add psychotropics? [Internet]. Mdedge.com. 2018 [cited 26 November 2018]. Available from: https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/63805/schizophrenia-other-psychotic-disorders/corticosteroid-psychosis-stop

86. Muench J, Hamer AM. Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Mar 1;81(5):617-22.

87. Managing anticholinergic side effects. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;6(Suppl 2):20-3. accessed from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC487008/

88. Ecker D, Unrath A, Kassubek J, Sabolek M. Dopamine Agonists and their risk to induce psychotic episodes in Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:23. Published 2009 Jun 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-9-23 accessed from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704166/

89. Kuzuhara S. Drug-induced psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Problems, management and dilemma. J Neurol. 2001 Sep;248 Suppl 3:III28-31.

90. Martinak B, Bolis RA, Black JR, Fargason RE, Birur B. Dextromethorphan in Cough Syrup: The Poor Man's Psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2017;47(4):59-63. avaialble from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5601090/

91. Emily M. Ambizas N. Nonpsychotropic Medication-Induced Psychosis [Internet]. Uspharmacist.com. 2018 [cited 26 November 2018]. Available from: https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/nonpsychotropic-medicationinduced-psychosis

92. Clinical guidelines for withdrawal management and treatment of drug dependence in closed settings. Manila: World Health Organizaition, Western Pacific Region; 2009. avaialble from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310652/

93. Verma R, Kori P. Valproate-induced encephalopathy with predominant pancerebellar syndrome. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012;44(1):129-30. available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271520/

94. Farooq O, Zunga PM, Dar MI, et al. Non-Hyperammonemic valproate encephalopathy. Ann Neurosci. 2014;21(2):76-9. avaialble from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117157/

95. Zaccara G, Cincotta M, Borgheresi A, Balestrieri F. Adverse motor effects induced by antiepileptic drugs. Epileptic Disord 2004; 6: 153-68. avaialble from: http://www.jle.com/download/epd-265122-adverse_motor_effects_induced_by_antiepileptic_drugs_--W-z0RX8AAQEAAEiL0RQAAAAH-a.pdf

96. Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Cavanna AE. The cognitive impact of antiepileptic drugs. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2011;4(6):385-407. avaialble from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229254/

97. Chung SS, Gerber P, Kirlin KA. Ictal eye closure is a reliable indicator for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology. 2006 Jun 13;66(11):1730-1.

98. Cosci F, Fava G, A, Sonino N: Mood and Anxiety Disorders as Early Manifestations of Medical Illness: A Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84:22-29. doi: 10.1159/000367913 available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/367913#

99. Rege S, Hodgkinson SJ. Immune dysregulation and autoimmunity in bipolar disorder: synthesis of the evidence and its clinical application. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;47(12):1136-51.

100. benzo.org.uk : Benzodiazepines: How They Work & How to Withdraw, Prof C H Ashton DM, FRCP, 2002 [Internet]. Benzo.org.uk. 2018 [cited 1 December 2018]. Available from: https://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/index.htm

101. Prabhakar S, Singh G. Differential diagnosis in neurology.

102. Hodges J. Cognitive assessment for clinicians. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007

103. Puri B, Hall A, Ho R. Revision Notes in Psychiatry, Third Edition.

104. Yudofsky S, Kim H. Neuropsychiatric assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub.; 2004.

105. Bernstein C, Poag M, Rubinstein M, Ahn C, Maloy K, Ying P. On call psychiatry.

106. Ali S, Jabeen S, Arain A, Wassef T, Ibrahim A. How to Use Your Clinical Judgment to Screen for and Diagnose Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures without Video Electroencephalogram. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2011;8(1):36-42. available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036551/

107. Brigo F, Nardone R, Ausserer H, Storti M, Tezzon F, Manganotti P, Bongiovanni LG. The diagnostic value of urinary incontinence in the differential diagnosis of seizures. Seizure. 2013 Mar;22(2):85-90.

108. Benbadis S. The differential diagnosis of epilepsy: A critical review. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2009;15(1):15-21.

109. National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK); 2012 Jan. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 137.) Appendix A, Differential diagnosis of epilepsy in adults and children. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327331/

110. Sheldon R, Rose S, Ritchie D, Connolly SJ, Koshman ML, Lee MA, Frenneaux M, Fisher M, Murphy W. Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 Jul 3;40(1):142-8. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510970201940X#TBLFN1

111. Stangeland H, Orgeta V, Bell V. Poststroke psychosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018;89:879-885.

112. Akinci E, Oncu F, Topcular B. Tactile hallucination and delusion following acute stroke: a case report. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 2016 Mar 1;29(1):79-84. Available from: http://www.dusunenadamdergisi.org/ing/fArticledetails.aspx?MkID=1106

113. Duggal HS, Singh I. Psychosis in a patient with silent vascular brain lesions. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2012 Jan;24(1):E20-1. Available from: https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11010030

114. Kaur R. Post Stroke Psychosis. Delhi Psychiatric Journal. 2012;15(1):221-2. Available from: http://medind.nic.in/daa/t12/i1/daat12i1p221.pdf

115. McMurtray A, Tseng B, Diaz N, Chung J, Mehta B, Saito E. Acute psychosis associated with subcortical stroke: comparison between basal ganglia and mid-brain lesions. Case reports in neurological medicine. 2014. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crinm/2014/428425/

116. Chandra SR, Issac TG, Ayyappan K. New onset psychosis as the first manifestation of neuro-psychiatric lupus. A situation causing diagnostic dilemma. Indian J Psychol Med [serial online] 2015 [cited 2019 Jan 7];37:333-8. Available from: http://www.ijpm.info/text.asp?2015/37/3/333/162949

117. Poole R, Higgo R. Psychiatric interviewing and assessment. 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006.

118. Tang-Wai D, Freedman M. Bedside Approach to the Mental Status Assessment. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2018;24(3):672-703.

The data contained in this app, including the text, images, and graphics, are for informational purposes only. Use of the app is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical judgment and you should promptly contact your own health care provider regarding any medical conditions or medical questions that you have. THIS APP DOES NOT OFFER MEDICAL ADVICE, AND NOTHING CONTAINED IN THE CONTENT IS INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE PROFESSIONAL ADVICE FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT. The practice of medicine is a complex process that involves the synthesis of information from a multiplicity of sources. The information contained in the app delivers similar information to that of a textbook or other health resource. The developer accepts no responsibility for the correctness of any diagnosis based in whole or in part upon the use of this Web site.

Although great care has been taken in compiling and checking the information given to ensure accuracy, the author shall not be responsible or in any way liable for any errors, omissions, or inaccuracies, whether arising from negligence or otherwise, or for any consequences arising therefrom.

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES. THIS APP AND ITS CONTENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS." THE AUTHOR MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR ENDORSEMENT ABOUT THE SUITABILITY FOR ANY PURPOSE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES AVAILABLE THROUGH THIS APP. WE DO NOT GUARANTEE THE TIMELINESS, VALIDITY, COMPLETENESS, OR ACCURACY OF THE CONTENT. WE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, WITH REGARD TO THE CONTENT, PRODUCTS, SERVICES, AND ALL OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED ON AND/OR MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH THIS APP, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE AVAILABILITY OF THIS APP. ALTHOUGH WE MAY UPDATE THE CONTENT ON THIS APP FROM TIME TO TIME, PLEASE NOTE THAT MEDICAL INFORMATION CHANGES RAPIDLY. THEREFORE, SOME OF THE INFORMATION MAY BE OUT OF DATE AND/OR MAY CONTAIN ERRORS.


There is an absolute rule in psychiatry, which should never be forgotten:

"The possibility of undisclosed physical disease is part of every differential diagnosis
at every stage of treatment"

- Rob Poole & Robert Higgo, 2006 (Psychiatric Interviewing and Assesment)